Ala imi akwa

Ala dị ala nke imi bụ ime ka akụkụ nke imi dị elu.

Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ma ọ bụ ọrịa na-efe efe nwere ike ime ka mbelata nke imi dị ntakịrị.

Mbelata nke elu nke akwa nke imi ka a hụrụ nke ọma site n'akụkụ ihu nke ihu.

Ihe kpatara ya nwere ike ịgụnye:

• Cleidocranial dysostosis
• Ọrịa afọ ime
• Ọrịa Down
• Nkịtị mgbanwe
• Ọrịa ndị ọzọ dị n'oge a na-amụ nwa (congenital)
• Ọrịa Williams

Kpọọ onye na-ahụ maka ahụike gị ma ọ bụrụ na ị nwere ajụjụ gbasara ọdịdị imi nwa gị.

Onye na-eweta ya ga-eme nyocha anụ ahụ. Onye ahụ na-eweta ọrụ nwere ike ịjụ ajụjụ gbasara ezinụlọ nwa gị na akụkọ gbasara ahụike ya.

Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ ụlọ akwụkwọ nwere ike ịgụnye:

• Ọmụmụ chromosome
• Enzyme assays (nyocha ọbara iji tụọ ọkwa enzyme ụfọdụ)
• Usoro ọmụmụ Metabolic
• X-ụzarị

Sadulu imi

• Ihu
• Ala imi akwa

Onyedika EH. Usoro rhinoplasty pụrụ iche. Na: Flint PW, Francis HW, Haughey BH, et al, ndị ọzọ. Otolaryngology nke Cummings. Nke 7. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021: Isi nke 32.

Madan-Khetarpal S, Arnold G. Nsogbu nke mkpụrụ ndụ na ọnọdụ dysmorphic. Na: Zitelli BJ, McIntire SC, Nowalk AJ, eds. Zitelli na Davis 'Atlas nke nyocha umuaka. Nke 7. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018: isi 1.

Slavotinek AM. Dysmorphology. Na: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. Nelson Akwụkwọ ọgụgụ nke Ọrịa edimụaka. 21nke. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: isi nke 128.