Cytogenetics: ihe ọ bụ, otu esi eme ule ahụ na ihe ọ bụ maka

Ndinaya

• Gịnị ka ọ bụ maka
• Olee otu esi eme ya

Ihe nyocha nke cytogenetics chọrọ iji nyochaa chromosomes ma, ya mere, chọpụta mgbanwe chromosomal metụtara njirimara ahụike onye ahụ. Enwere ike ime ule a n'oge ọ bụla, ọbụlagodi n'oge ime ime ịlele maka mgbanwe mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ na nwa ahụ.

Cytogenetics na-enye ohere ka dọkịta na onye ọrịa nwee nnyocha banyere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na-enyere dọkịta aka ime nchoputa na ọgwụgwọ kpọmkwem, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa. Ule a anaghị achọ nkwadebe ọ bụla na nchịkọta anaghị ewe ogologo oge, agbanyeghị nsonaazụ ya nwere ike iburu ụbọchị 3 na 10 ka ewepụtara gị dịka ụlọ nyocha.

Gịnị ka ọ bụ maka

Nyocha nke cytogenetics mmadụ nwere ike igosi iji nyochaa mgbanwe mgbanwe chromosomal, ma ụmụaka ma ndị okenye. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ọ na-enyocha chromosome ahụ, nke bụ ngwugwu mejupụtara DNA na protein nke ekesara na sel abụọ, ịbụ 23 ụzọ abụọ. Site na karyogram, nke kwekọrọ na atụmatụ nzukọ chromosome dịka njirimara ya, nke a tọhapụrụ n'ihi ule ahụ, ọ ga-ekwe omume ịchọpụta mgbanwe na chromosomes, dịka:

• Mgbanwe ọnụọgụgụ, nke a na-eji mmụba ma ọ bụ belata nke ego chromosomes, dị ka ihe na-eme na Down syndrome, bụ nke ọnụnọ nke kromosomes atọ nke 21 gosipụtara, yana onye nwere kromosomes 47 na mkpokọta;
• Ngbanwe ụlọ, nke enwere nnọchi, mgbanwe ma ọ bụ mkpochapụ mpaghara ụfọdụ nke chromosome, dị ka ọrịa Cri-du-Chat, nke ejiri nhichapụ nke akụkụ chromosome 5.

Ya mere, enwere ike ịgwa ya ka ọ nyere aka na nyocha nke ụfọdụ ụdị ọrịa kansa, ọkachasị ọrịa leukemias, na ọrịa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke mgbanwe nhazi na-enwe ma ọ bụ site na mmụba ma ọ bụ belata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke chromosomes, dịka Down syndrome, Patau syndrome and Cri-du -Chat, amara dị ka meow syndrome ma ọ bụ pusi mkpu.

Olee otu esi eme ya

A na-ejikarị nlele ọbara mee nyocha ahụ. N'ihe banyere nnyocha n'ime ụmụ nwanyị dị ime nke nzube ha bụ inyocha 'chromosomes nke nwa ebu n'afọ, a na-anakọta mmiri ọmụmụ ma ọ bụ ọbụlagodi obere ọbara. Mgbe ha chịkọtara ihe ndị dị ndụ ma ziga ya na laabu, a ga-azụlite mkpụrụ ndụ ka ha baa ụba wee tinye onye na-egbochi mkpụrụ ndụ sel, nke na-eme chromosome n'ụdị ya kachasị wee nwee nlele kachasị mma.

Dabere na ebumnuche nke ule ahụ, a ga-etinye usoro ihe omimi dị iche iche iji nweta ozi gbasara karyotype nke onye ahụ, nke kachasị mee ya:

• Banding G: bụ usoro a na-ejikarị eme ihe na cytogenetics ma mejuputa itinye ihe eji esiji, Giemsa dye, iji kwe ka nlele nke chromosomes. Usoro a dị oke mma iji chọpụta ọnụọgụ, ọkachasị, na mgbanwe usoro na chromosome, ịbụ usoro usoro ihe omimi bụ nke etinyere na cytogenetics maka nyocha na nkwenye nke Down syndrome, dịka ọmụmaatụ, nke ejiri ọnụnọ nke chromosome pụta;
• Usoro azụ: ọ bụ usoro a kapịrị ọnụ na nke na-emetụ n'ahụ, ebe a na-ejikarị ya iji nyere aka na nchoputa nke kansa, ebe ọ na-enye ohere ịchọpụta obere mgbanwe na chromosomes na nhazigharị, na mgbakwunye na ịchọpụta mgbanwe ọnụọgụ na chromosomes. N'agbanyeghị na ọ dị oke mma, usoro FISH dị oke ọnụ, ebe ọ na-eji nyocha DNA akpọrọ fluorescence, chọrọ ngwaọrụ iji weghara fluorescence ma nye ohere iji anya nke chromosomes. Na mgbakwunye, enwere usoro ndị ọzọ enwere ike ịnweta na biology biology nke na-enye ohere nyocha nke kansa.

Gbaso ngwa nke agba ma ọ bụ nyocha nyocha, a na-ahazi chromosomes dịka nha, na abụọ, ụzọ ikpeazụ kwekọrọ na okike onye ahụ, wee jiri ya tụnyere karyogram nkịtị, si otú a na-enyocha mgbanwe ndị nwere ike.