Odee: Gregory Harris
OfbọChị Okike: 8 Onwa Epurel 2021
DatebọChị Mmelite: 19 Novemba 2024
Anonim
Le psyllium : constipation, nettoyage intestinal, cholestérol et glycémie
Vidio: Le psyllium : constipation, nettoyage intestinal, cholestérol et glycémie

Ndinaya

Blond psyllium bụ ahịhịa. Nkpuru na nkpuchi nke nkpuru (husk) ka eji eme ogwu.

A na-eji Bloyl psyllium eme ihe ọnụ dị ka laxative na iji mee ka oche dị nro na ndị nwere hemorrhoid, akwara ike, na mgbe ịwa ahụ gbasara ahụ. A na-ejikwa ya afọ ọsịsa, ọrịa bowel syndrome (IBS), ọnya afọ na ọnyụnyụ ọbara. Ihe ndi ozo gunyere cholesterol di elu, obara mgbali elu, oria obi, oria mamari na onodu ndi ozo.

Fọdụ ndị na-etinye psyllium na-acha uhie uhie na anụ ahụ dị ka ihe ọkụkụ maka etuto.

N'ime imepụta nri, a na-eji psyllium na-acha odo odo dị ka thickener ma ọ bụ stabilizer na ụfọdụ friji mmiri ara ehi desserts.

Foodsfọdụ nri nwere psullium na-acha ọbara ọbara na-ebu akara nke na-ekwu na nri ndị a, mgbe a na-eri ha dị ka akụkụ nke nri nwere obere abụba, nwere ike belata ihe ize ndụ nke ọrịa obi. FDA na-enye ohere maka nkwupụta a ma ọ bụrụ na nri nwere opekata mpe 1.7 grams nke psyllium kwa otu. Isi okwu dị na nkwupụta a bụ "nwere ike." Ọ bụ eziokwu na psyllium na-acha uhie uhie nwere ike inyere aka belata ọkwa cholesterol; mana enweghi ihe akaebe na ị na-ewere psyllium na-acha odo odo na-ebelata ohere nke ịrịa ọrịa obi. N'agbanyeghị na ọ dị irè n'ibelata ọkwa cholesterol, etubabeghị psyllium na ntinye nke usoro ọgwụgwọ dịka American Heart Association Nzọụkwụ I ma ọ bụ Nzọụkwụ II nke nri maka cholesterol dị elu. Otutu ihe omumu omumu ejirila ihe eji emeputa ihe ozo (Metamucil) ma obu nri nke nwere nkpuru nkpuru psyllium, dika nkpuru ahihia, achicha, ma obu nri nkpuru.

Natural Medicines Comprehensive database ọnụego na-arụ ọrụ dabere na ihe akaebe sayensị dịka usoro a si dị: Mmetụta, Ikekwe Ọ Ga-arụpụta Ihe, Ikekwe Ọ Ga-arụpụta Ihe, Ikekwe Ọ Dị Irè, Ikekwe Ọ Dị Irè, Adịghị Eme Ihe, na Ego ezughi ezu iji gosi.

Radị irè maka UBODO PSYLLIUM ndị dị ka ndị a:


Dị irè maka ...

  • Afọ ntachi. Ihe akaebe na-egosi na iji mkpụrụ osisi na-acha odo odo, naanị ya ma ọ bụ dịka ngwaahịa agwakọtara, nwere ike belata afọ ntachi ma melite agbanwe agbanwe.

Ikekwe ọ dị irè maka ...

  • Ọrịa obi. Blond psyllium bụ eriri soluble. Enwere ike iji nri dị elu na fiber nwere ike ịgbakwunye dị ka akụkụ nke abụba dị ala, obere-cholesterol iji gbochie ọrịa obi. Nnyocha na-egosi na mmadụ ga-eri opekata mpe gram 7 nke psyllium husk kwa ụbọchị iji belata ihe egwu maka ọrịa obi.
  • Akwa cholesterol ma ọ bụ abụba ndị ọzọ (lipids) n'ime ọbara (hyperlipidemia). Psụ psyllium na-acha odo odo site na ọnụ na-ebelata ọkwa cholesterol na ndị nwere obere cholesterol dị obere. Blond psyllium gbakwunyere na nri ma ọ bụ dị ka mgbakwunye dị iche nke ihe dị ka gram 10-12 kwa ụbọchị nwere ike belata ọkwa nke cholesterol zuru oke site na 3% ruo 14% na oke njupụta lipoprotein (LDL ma ọ bụ "ọjọọ") cholesterol site na 5% gaa na 10% mgbe izu 7 gachara. ma ọ bụ karịa nke ọgwụgwọ.
    N'ime ụmụaka nwere cholesterol dị elu, ị psụ psyllium nwere ike belata LDL cholesterol ọkwa site na 7% gaa na 15% mgbe agbakwunyere nri dị obere, obere-cholesterol dị ka National Cholesterol Education Programme (NCEP) Nzọụkwụ 1 nri. N'ụzọ na-akpali mmasị, na-ewere psyllium na-acha ọbara ọbara yana obere abụba siri ike, nri nri nke obere cholesterol dị ka nri NCEP Nzọụkwụ 2 nwere ike inwe obere mmetụta ọzọ na iweda LDL cholesterol.
    O yiri ka obere ihe ọ̀ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma n’ahụ́ ndị agadi. Enwere ụfọdụ ihe akaebe na ọ na-ebelata ọkwa LDL cholesterol n'ọtụtụ dị ala karịa ndị 60 afọ ma ọ bụ karịa ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị nọ n'okpuru 60.
    E nwere ụfọdụ ihe akaebe na-ewere psyllium na-acha ọbara ọbara maka cholesterol dị elu na-eme ka o kwe omume belata ọgwụ ụfọdụ ọgwụ eji belata cholesterol. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ị takingụ gram 15 nke psyllium (Metamucil) na 10 mg nke simvastatin (Zocor) kwa ụbọchị yiri ka ọ na-ebelata cholesterol na ị takingụ ọgwụ dị elu (20 mg) nke simvastatin kwa ụbọchị. Ọzọkwa, blond psyllium yiri ka ọ ga-ebelata mmetụta ndị sitere na colestipol na cholestyramine (Questran, Questran Light, Cholybar) dị ka afọ ntachi na mgbu afọ. Ma edozila usoro nke ọgwụ gị na-enweghị ịkpọtụrụ onye nlekọta ahụike gị.

Ekwe omume irè n'ihi na ...

  • Ọrịa shuga. Blond psyllium nwere ike belata shuga shuga dị n'ọbara ndị nwere ọrịa shuga. Mmetụta ya kachasị ukwuu na-apụta mgbe agwakọtara ya ma ọ bụ were ya rie nri. Na mgbakwunye na ịbelata shuga shuga, bloyl psyllium na-ewetakwa kọlestrọl na ndị nwere ọrịa shuga nwere oke kọlesterol. Studiesfọdụ ọmụmụ gosipụtara psyllium na-acha odo odo nwere ike belata mkpokọta cholesterol site na ihe dịka 9%, yana obere njupụta lipoprotein (LDL ma ọ bụ "ọjọọ") cholesterol site na 13%.
  • Afọ ọsịsa. Psnweta psyllium na-acha odo odo site na ọnụ yiri ka ọ ga-ebelata mgbaàmà afọ ọsịsa.
  • Ọbara. Psnara psyllium na-acha odo odo yiri ka ọ na-ebelata ọbara ọgbụgba na mgbu nke ndị nwere hemorrhoid.
  • Ọbara mgbali elu. Na-ewere psyllium na-acha odo odo site n'ọnụ, naanị ya ma ọ bụ yana protein protein, dị ka ọ na-ebelata ọbara mgbali elu na ndị okenye.
  • Ọrịa na-adịte aka nke nnukwu eriri afọ na-akpata mgbu afọ (ọrịa bowel na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ IBS). Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị ọmụmụ ihe niile kwenyere, enwere ihe akaebe na-acha odo odo psyllium mkpụrụ nwere ike belata afọ ntachi ma melite mgbu afọ, afọ ọsịsa, yana ọdịmma zuru oke. O nwere ike were ọgwụgwọ izu anọ ka ị nweta nsonaazụ kacha mma.
  • Na-emeso mmetụta ọjọọ nke ọgwụ a na-akpọ Orlistat (Xenical, Alli). Psnwere psyllium na-acha odo odo na nke ọ bụla nke ndepụta a ga-eme ka ọ ghara ịmetụta mmetụta ndị dị ka gas, nsị afọ, afọ mgbu, na ịchọta mmanu na-enweghị ibelata mmetụta na-ebelata ibu nke orlistat.
  • Typedị ọrịa obi na-efe efe (ulcerative colitis). Enwere ụfọdụ ihe akaebe na ịmị mkpụrụ osisi psyllium na-acha ọcha site na ọnụ nwere ike ịdị irè maka igbochi nlọghachi nke ọrịa obi na-afụ ụfụ. Blond psyllium na-egosikwa na ọ ga-ewepụ ihe mgbaàmà nke ọnọdụ a.

Ikekwe adighi ike maka ...

  • Ọrịa na-abụghị nke kansa na nnukwu eriri afọ na ikensi (colorectal adenoma). Inara gram 3.5 nke psyllium na-acha ọcha kwa ụbọchị adịghị ka ọ ga-ebelata ohere nke adenoma colorectal. Enwere ụfọdụ ihe akaebe na ọ nwere ike ime ka ọnụọgụ adenoma dịkwuo njọ, ọkachasị na ndị mmadụ na-enweta ọtụtụ calcium site na nri ha. Otú ọ dị, a chọrọ ihe akaebe ọzọ iji chọpụta mmekọrịta nke psyllium na calcium na colorectal adenoma.
  • Ọrịa akụrụ siri ike (njedebe ikpeazụ nke ọrịa akụrụ ma ọ bụ ESRD). Psnara psyllium na-acha odo odo anaghị eme ka ọrịa akụrụ siri ike.

Ezughi oke akaebe iji gosipụta irè maka ...

  • Ọrịa cancer, eriri afọ. Nnyocha ọnụọgụgụ na-egosi na ndị na-eri psyllium na-acha odo odo na nri nwere ike ịnwe ohere ịnwụ site na ọrịa kansa.
  • Typedị ọrịa obi na-efe efe (ọrịa Crohn). Nnyocha mbụ mere na-egosi na ị na-ewere psyllium na-acha ọcha kwa ụbọchị yana probiotics na-eme ka mgbaàmà nke ọrịa Crohn ka mma.
  • Mgbanwe ndị a na-ekesa abụba n’ahụ mmadụ n’ị takingụ ọgwụ HIV. Iri nri dị elu nwere ike igbochi redistribution na ndị nwere nje HIV.
  • Obi mgbawa na-adịgide adịgide. Nnyocha e mere na mbụ gosiri na ị psụ psyllium na-acha ọbara ọbara maka ụbọchị 10 nwere ike inye aka ịchịkwa mgbaàmà nke obi mgbu na-adịgide adịgide na ụfọdụ ndị.
  • Ibu. Fọdụ, ma ọ bụghị ihe niile, ọmụmụ na-atụ aro na psyllium na-acha odo odo nwere ike inye aka belata oke ahụ na agụụ na ndị buru oke ibu ma ọ bụ buru ibu.
  • Fọdụ ụdị nke kansa.
  • Fọdụ ụdị akpụkpọ ahụ.
  • Ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ.
A choro ihe akaebe karia iji chandy ohuru maka ojiji ndi a.

Akụkụ nke nkpuru psyllium na-amịkọrọ mmiri ma mepụta nnukwu ihe. N’ebe ndị mmadụ nwere afọ ntachi, ihe a buru ibu na-akpali eriri afọ imegharị. N’ebe ndị mmadụ na-arịa afọ ọsịsa, ọ nwere ike ime ka afọ kwụsịlata ma belata ngagharị. Mkpụrụ a nwekwara ike belata ọnụ ọgụgụ cholesterol a na-enwetaghachi n’ime ahụ.

Mgbe e were ya n'ọnụ: Blond psyllium bu O yikarịrị ka ọ dị nchebe maka otutu mmadu mgbe ejiri onu ha buru otutu mmiri. Na-a atụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala 8 ounces nke mmiri mmiri maka ọ bụla 3-5 gram nke husk ma ọ bụ gram 7 nke mkpụrụ. N’ebe ụfọdụ nọ, psyllium na - acha odo odo nwere ike ibute gas, afọ mgbu, afọ ọsịsa, afọ ntachi, na ọgbụgbọ. Iji zere ụfọdụ n'ime mmetụta ndị a, malite na obere usoro ma jiri nwayọ mụbaa ọgwụ ahụ.

Fọdụ ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịnwe ihe nfụkasị ahụ na psyllium na-acha odo odo nwere mgbaàmà dịka ọzịza na imi, ịmịkọrọ, nkuanya fụrụ akpụ, hives, na ụkwara ume ọkụ. Peoplefọdụ ndị nwekwara ike ịmara ihe mmụọ na psyllium site na ikpughe na ọrụ ma ọ bụ iji ojiji nke psyllium.

Blond psyllium bụ O yikarịrị ka ọ ghara ịchọta mgbe ejiri ọnụ na-enweghị mmiri zuru ezu. Jide n'aka na iwere blond psyllium na nnukwu mmiri. Ma ọ bụghị ya, ọ nwere ike ịkpata ma ọ bụ gbochie traktị nke eriri afọ (GI).

Akpachapụ anya na ịdọ aka na ntị:

Ime ime na ara-ara: Blond psyllium bu O yikarịrị ka ọ dị nchebe mgbe ejiri onu were ya.

Uto n'ime eriri afọ na ikensi (colorectal adenoma): Blond psyllium nwere ike ime ka ohere nke adenoma laghachi na ndị nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke adenoma colorectal. Ndi mmadu ndi nwere udiri a aghaghi izere oria ojoo.

Ọrịa afọ (GI): Ejila psyllium na-acha odo odo ma ọ bụrụ na ị na-etolite stool siri ike na ikensi n'ihi afọ ntachi na-aga n'ihu (mmetụta mmetụta), ọnụọgụ GI na-ebelata, igbochi, ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ ndị nwere ike iduga nkwụsị, dịka eriri afọ spastic.

Ahụhụ: Somefọdụ ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịnwe ajọ nfụkasị na-acha odo odo psyllium. Nke a yikarịrị ka ndị mmadụ ekpughere psyllium na-arụ ọrụ. Ejila blol psyllium ma ọ bụrụ na ị na-echebara ya echiche.

Chika Okpala: Somefọdụ na-acha odo odo psyllium preparations na-atọ ụtọ na aspartame (Nutrasweet) ma kwesịrị izere ndị ọrịa na phenylketonuria.

Gerywa ahụ: Blond psyllium nwere ike imetụta ogo shuga shuga, na-eme ka ịchịkwa shuga na-esiwanye ike n'oge na mgbe a wachara ya ahụ. Kwụsị ị psụ agba agba psyllium ma ọ dịkarịa ala izu 2 tupu ịwa ahụ.

Nsogbu ndị na-eloda: Ejila psyllium ma ọ bụrụ na ị nwere nsogbu ilo. Blond psyllium nwere ike ime ka ọnya gị dịkwuo egwu.

Agafeghị oke
Kpachara anya na nchikota a.
Carbamazepine (Tegretol)
Blond psyllium nwere ọtụtụ eriri. Eriri nwere ike ibelata ole carbamazepine (Tegretol) nke ahụ na - amata. Site na iwetulata ihe anụ ahụ na - amịpụta, psyllium na - acha odo odo nwere ike belata arụmọrụ carbamazepine.
Lithium
Blond psyllium nwere ọtụtụ eriri. Eriri nwere ike ibelata ole lithium ahụ na-amịrị. Litnweta lithium yana acha odo odo psyllium nwere ike ibelata arụmọrụ nke lithium. Iji zere ya na mmekọrịta were blond psyllium opekempe otu awa mgbe lithium.
Metformin (Glucophage)
Blond psyllium nwere ike gbanwee etu metformin ahụ si arụ ọrụ. Nke a nwere ike ịbawanye ma ọ bụ belata arụmọrụ nke metformin. Iji zere mmekọrịta a, were nkeji 30-60 na-acha odo odo mgbe ị werechara metformin.
Obere
Lezie anya na nchikota a.
Digoxin (Lanoxin)
Blond psyllium dị elu na eriri. Eriri nwere ike ibelata absorption na ibelata irè digoxin (Lanoxin). Dịka iwu n'ozuzu, a ga-ewere ọgwụ ọ bụla n'ọnụ site na otu awa tupu ma ọ bụ awa anọ mgbe ọ chalị psyllium iji gbochie mmekọrịta a.
Ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl estradiol bụ ụdị estrogen nke dị na ụfọdụ ngwaahịa estrogen na ọgwụ ọmụmụ. Peoplefọdụ ndị na-echegbu onwe ha na psyllium nwere ike ibelata ole ethinyl estradiol nke ahụ na-emetụta. Mana o yighị ka psyllium ọ ga-emetụta mmetụta ethinyl estradiol nke ọma.
Ọgwụ ndị eji ọnụ (ọgwụ ọnụ)
Psyllium nwere ọtụtụ eriri. Eriri nwere ike ibelata, mụbaa, ma ọ bụ enweghị mmetụta na ọgwụ ole ahụ na-amị. Psnara psyllium yana ọgwụ ị na-ewere n'ọnụ nwere ike imetụta mmetụta nke ọgwụ gị. Iji gbochie mmekọrịta a, were psyllium 30-60 nkeji mgbe ọgwụ ị were n'ọnụ.
Gwè
Iji brail psyllium na ihe mgbakwunye nwere iron nwere ike belata igwe nke anụ ahụ na-amị. Were ihe mgbakwunye ígwè otu awa tupu ma ọ bụ awa anọ mgbe psyllium gachara iji zere mmekọrịta a.
Riboflavin
Psyllium yiri ka ọ na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ riboflavin nke ahụ na-etinye, ma ọ nwere ike ọ bụghị dị mkpa.
Abụba na nri nwere abụba
Psyllium nwere ike ime ka o sie ike igwu abụba na nri. Nke a nwere ike ime ka abụba abụba na stool dịkwuo elu.
Nri
Psnwere psyllium na nri ogologo oge nwere ike ịgbanwe nri nri. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ị takingụ vitamin ma ọ bụ ihe mgbakwunye bekee nwere ike ịdị mkpa.
Ọ dị mkpa iburu mmiri zuru oke mgbe ị na-ewere bloyl psyllium. Takingghara ị enoughụ mmiri nke ọma nwere ike ibute ịkpagbu ma ọ bụ igbochi traktị nke eriri afọ (GI). Were ọ dịkarịa ala 240 mL nke mmiri maka gram 5 ọ bụla nke psyllium husk ma ọ bụ gram 7 nke mkpụrụ psyllium. E kwesịrị iwere Blond psyllium ma ọ dịkarịa ala minit 30-60 mgbe ị takingụchara ọgwụ ndị ọzọ.

A na-amụ usoro ndị a na nyocha sayensị:

NDUL okenye

N'okwu:
  • Maka afọ ntachi: Gram 7 ruo gram 24 nke abụba psyllium kwa ụbọchị, na 2-4 kewara usoro.
  • Maka ọrịa obi: Ọ dịkarịa ala gram 7 nke psyllium husk (soluble fiber) kwa ụbọchị, dị ka akụkụ nke nri nwere abụba dị ala, obere kọlesterol.
  • Maka afọ ọsịsa: Na ndị mmadụ na-arịa afọ ọsịsa zuru ezu, gram 7 ruo 18 gram nke blony psyllium, na nkesa 2-3 kewara. Nchikota bloyl psyllium, calcium carbonate, na calcium phosphate (n’iru nke 4: 1: 1 n’ibu) ewerewo kwa gram 5 ugboro abụọ n’ụbọchị. Na ndị ọrịa nwere ịwa ahụ gallbladder, 6.5 gram nke blol psyllium ugboro atọ kwa ụbọchị. N'ime ndị ọrịa na-a aụ ọgwụ a na-akpọ misoprostol, gram 3.4 nke blond psyllium ugboro abụọ kwa ụbọchị.
  • Maka nsogbu na-adịte aka nke eriri afọ nke na-akpata mgbu afọ (ọrịa bowel na-egbu mgbu ma ọ bụ IBS): 6.4 gram ruo gram 30 nke mkpụrụ osisi psyllium mkpụrụ osisi abụọ na atọ na nkewa abụọ ekewapụrụ kwa ụbọchị. Ejila gram 10 nke mkpụrụ osisi psyllium mkpụrụ osisi husk ugboro abụọ na 15 mg nke propantheline ugboro atọ kwa ụbọchị.
  • Maka ịgwọ mmetụta nke ọgwụ a na-akpọ Orlistat (Xenical, Alli): Gram isii nke blony psyllium ugboro atọ kwa ụbọchị na usoro ọgwụ ọ bụla.
  • Maka ụdị ọrịa obi na-efe efe (ọnya afọ): 3.5-10 gram nke blond psyllium, were ugboro abụọ kwa ụbọchị.
  • Maka hemorrhoid: 10.5 grams na gram 20 gram psyllium mkpụrụ osisi husk kwa ụbọchị na nkewa kewara.
  • Maka nnukwu cholesterol ma ọ bụ abụba ndị ọzọ (lipids) n'ime ọbara (hyperlipidemia): 3.4 grams nke mkpụrụ osisi psyllium mkpụrụ osisi husk ugboro atọ kwa ụbọchị ma ọ bụ gram 5.1 ugboro abụọ kwa ụbọchị bụ usoro a na-ejikarị eme ihe. Agbanyeghị, anwalegoro ihe ruru gram 20.4 kwa ụbọchị. A na-ejikwa ọka a na-agbakwunye na psyllium nke na-enye ihe ruru gram 15 nke eriri soluble kwa ụbọchị. Ejirila gram abụọ nke gram abụọ nke psyllium, gram 1.3 nke pectin, gram 1.1 nke guar na gram gram nke gram 0,5 ugboro atọ kwa ụbọchị. Ejirila gram gram 2.5 nke psyllium ntụ ntụ (Metamucil) na gram 2.5 nke colestipol, were ugboro atọ kwa ụbọchị. Ejikwala njikọ nke simvastatin (Zocor) 10 mg na blond psyllium (Metamucil) gram 15 kwa ụbọchị.
  • Maka ọrịa shuga: 3.4 gram ruo gram 22 nke abụba psyllium kwa ụbọchị, na-adịkarị na nkewa dị iche iche ruo izu 20.
  • Maka ọbara mgbali elu: 3.7 gram ruo gram 15 nke blony psyllium husks kwa ụbọchị ruo ọnwa isii.
  • Maka oke ibu: 1.7 gram ruo gram 36 nke mkpụrụ osisi na-acha odo odo kwa ụbọchị psyllium kewara kewaa na nri maka izu 36, na mgbakwunye na mbenata calorie.
M .AKA

N'okwu:
  • Maka cholesterol dị elu: Ọka nke nwere gram 3.2 ruo gram 10 nke psyllium kwa ụbọchị.
Balle de Psyllium, Blond Plantago, Blonde Psyllium, Che Qian Zi, Dietary Fiber, mankwụ Bekee, Fiber Alimentaire, Indian Plantago, Ipágula, Isabgola, Isabgul, Ispaghul, Ispaghula, Ispagol, Pale Psyllium, Plantaginis Ovatae Plane, decumbens, Plantago fastigiata, Plantago insularis, Plantago ispaghula, Plantago ovata, Psilio, Psillium Blond, Psyllium, Psyllium Blond, Psyllium Husk, Sand Plantain, Spogel.

Iji mụtakwuo banyere otú e si dee isiokwu a, biko lee Natural Medicines Comprehensive database usoro.


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Ahụ Ike

Nduku ntụ ọka: ihe ọ bụ na otu esi eji ya

Enwere ike iji ntụ ọka nduku na-atọ ụtọ, nke a na-akpọkwa ntụ ntụ ntụ, mee ihe dị ka ala na-ajụ glycemic index carbohydrate, nke pụtara na eriri afọ ji nke nta nke nta na-etinye obi ya, na-ejigide ume...
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Ahụ Ike

Otu esi enweta sty na otu esi egbochi

tye na-abụkarị ihe na-akpata nje na-adịkarị na ahụ na n'ihi ngbanwe ụfọdụ na u oro ahụ ji alụ o ọrịa ọgụ, na-ahapụ ihe karịrị nke ahụ, na-akpata mbufụt na gland dị na nkuchi anya ma na-eduga na ọ...